Do tariffs ultimately benefit or harm the economies that impose them?

Context

Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition or raise government revenue. Economists debate their effects: supporters argue they shield local jobs and industries from unfair competition, while critics contend they raise consumer prices, invite retaliation, and ultimately reduce overall economic growth. The question has become urgent again as major economies, particularly the United States, have deployed tariffs as trade policy tools in recent years.