Do U.S. tariffs primarily hurt American consumers?

Context

Tariffs are taxes imposed on imported goods, designed to protect domestic industries but often raising prices for consumers. The debate over whether U.S. tariffs primarily hurt American consumers hinges on competing economic effects: while tariffs may shield domestic workers and firms from foreign competition, they typically increase costs for businesses and households buying imported goods or products containing imported materials. This question has become urgent as the U.S. has implemented successive rounds of tariffs since 2018, making the real-world impact on consumer prices and purchasing power a central policy concern.