Does multiculturalism strengthen or weaken social cohesion?

Context

Multiculturalism—the idea that diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups can coexist and enrich society—has become a central policy debate in Western democracies. Critics argue that rapid demographic change and insufficient integration strain shared institutions and social trust, while supporters contend that diversity drives innovation and that cohesion depends on inclusive policies rather than cultural homogeneity. The question hinges on empirical evidence about integration outcomes, economic mobility, and how societies manage identity alongside belonging.